A credit score is calculated from your credit history. If no lender or card company has ever reported an account in your name, the credit bureaus may have no file on you, or too little in it to produce a score. In 2017 the CFPB estimated that about 45 million Americans had no traditional credit score (CFPB), so a first-time buyer in that position has plenty of company.
The CFPB's list of what auto lenders weigh starts with credit history and scores, then income and existing debts, the amount borrowed, the repayment period, the down payment measured against the car's value, and whether the car is new or used (CFPB). When the first item on that list is blank, the rest of it has to carry the application.
Some lenders may also consider the bills you already pay on time, such as rent or a phone plan, or the deposits and withdrawals in your bank account, as evidence that you repay what you owe (CFPB).
- Income you can document, including a job you started recently
- Cash or a trade-in toward the purchase, so you borrow less
- A co-signer or co-buyer who already has established credit
- A car priced in line with your income, which often points to a used one